Glossary
Custom Script Extension
An Azure VM extension that downloads files and runs a command on the VM, installed through Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/extensions/write.
The Custom Script Extension downloads files from fileUris and runs commandToExecute on an Azure VM — Microsoft.Compute / CustomScriptExtension on Windows (running as LocalSystem), Microsoft.Azure.Extensions / CustomScript on Linux (Windows, Linux).
It is installed with extensions/write, visible in the Activity Log. The command may sit in clear-text settings or encrypted protectedSettings. Downloaded files and output stay on the VM, under the extension's plugin folders, which makes the disk the key evidence source.